Puritan & Restoration Age

The Puritan and Restoration Ages: A Study in Contrasts

English literature of the 17th century witnessed a significant transformation, characterized by two distinct periods: the Puritan Age and the Restoration Age. These eras were shaped by monumental events such as the English Civil War, the rise of Puritanism, and the eventual restoration of the monarchy. The literature of these periods reflects the shifting societal and political landscapes, with the Puritan Age focusing on religious and moral themes, and the Restoration Age embracing satire, comedy, and secularism. This blog explores the characteristics and prominent writers of these two literary periods and reflects on how the transition between them influenced literary trends.

I. The Puritan Age (1620-1660)

Key Characteristics

The Puritan Age in literature coincided with a time of profound religious, social, and political upheaval in England. The Puritans, driven by strict Calvinist beliefs, sought to purify the Church of England, which they believed had strayed from true biblical teachings. Literature during this time was deeply infused with religious and moral themes, often focusing on the struggle between good and evil, the pursuit of salvation, and the fleeting nature of earthly existence.

Puritan literature emphasized spiritual introspection, simplicity, and didacticism. The writers of this era, heavily influenced by the religious tensions of the time, often viewed literature as a tool for moral instruction rather than entertainment. The overarching themes of sin, redemption, and divine judgment were frequently explored, with the Bible serving as the central reference point.

Influence of the English Civil War

The English Civil War (1642–1651) played a pivotal role in shaping Puritan literature. The conflict between the Royalists, who supported King Charles I, and the Parliamentarians, who sought to limit royal power, reflected broader religious and political divisions. The Puritans, who sided with Parliament, believed that the monarchy was corrupt and saw the war as a manifestation of divine providence. Literature from this period often mirrored these themes of political struggle, divine justice, and social reform.

Prominent Writers

John Milton

One of the most significant writers of the Puritan Age was John Milton. His epic poem *Paradise Lost* (1667) is a masterful exploration of the biblical story of the Fall of Man, addressing themes of free will, temptation, and redemption. Milton’s portrayal of Satan as a complex and tragic figure and his intricate depiction of Adam and Eve's moral dilemmas reflect his deep engagement with theological and philosophical questions. Milton’s work is a reflection of the political turmoil of the time, as he was a staunch supporter of the Commonwealth and Oliver Cromwell.

John Bunyan 

Another notable writer from this period is John Bunyan, whose work *The Pilgrim’s Progress* (1678) became one of the most influential pieces of Christian literature. The allegory follows Christian, the protagonist, on his journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City, representing the path of a believer toward salvation. Bunyan’s simple and direct style was accessible to a wide audience, reflecting the Puritan emphasis on personal faith and introspection.

II. The Restoration Age (1660-1700)

Key Characteristics

The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, with the return of Charles II to the throne, marked a dramatic shift in the cultural and literary landscape. The exuberance that followed the end of Puritan rule brought a resurgence of secularism, hedonism, and a renewed interest in classical ideals. Literature during the Restoration period became a reflection of the court’s tastes, which favored wit, sophistication, and a satirical edge. The focus shifted from the religious and moral concerns of the Puritan Age to themes of love, politics, and human folly.

The Restoration Age is best known for its flourishing of drama, particularly the genres of satire and comedy. The theatres, which had been closed under Puritan rule, were reopened, and playwrights used the stage as a platform for social commentary. Comedy of manners became a defining feature of the period, characterized by its sharp wit, sophisticated dialogue, and the depiction of the aristocratic lifestyle.

Influence of the Restoration

The Restoration of the monarchy had a profound influence on literary themes and styles. Writers now enjoyed greater freedom to explore secular subjects, and the relaxation of censorship allowed for a more open expression of human desires and flaws. The period saw the emergence of a more skeptical and often cynical view of human nature, with satire becoming a favored tool for critiquing society and politics.

Prominent Writers

John Dryden

John Dryden, one of the most important writers of the Restoration Age, made significant contributions to poetry, drama, and literary criticism. His poem *Absalom and Achitophel* (1681) is a political allegory that satirizes the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth against King Charles II. Dryden’s keen use of satire and his ability to blend classical allusions with contemporary events made him a dominant figure in Restoration literature. His play *Marriage à la Mode* (1673) is an excellent example of Restoration comedy, combining romantic intrigue with biting social commentary.

William Congreve

William Congreve was another leading playwright of the Restoration period, best known for his comedy of manners. His play *The Way of the World* (1700) is a brilliant satire of the aristocratic society of his time, with its intricate plot, witty repartee, and exploration of love, marriage, and deception. Congreve’s work is notable for its sharp social criticism, sophisticated humor, and complex characters, making him one of the finest dramatists of the period.

 III. Conclusion: A Study in Contrasts

The transition from the Puritan Age to the Restoration Age represents one of the most dramatic shifts in English literary history. The solemn, introspective, and religiously-driven literature of the Puritan Age gave way to the lively, secular, and satirical works of the Restoration. While the Puritan writers focused on themes of morality, divine judgment, and personal salvation, Restoration writers celebrated human wit, explored the complexities of love and politics, and often reveled in the follies of society.

The literature of both periods holds great significance in the broader context of English literary history. The Puritan Age, with its emphasis on moral instruction and spiritual introspection, laid the foundation for later religious and philosophical debates in literature. The Restoration Age, on the other hand, marked the rise of secularism and the development of modern literary forms, particularly satire and comedy.

As we reflect on these two periods, we can see how the social and political changes of the time influenced literary trends. The Puritan Age, shaped by religious fervor and political turmoil, produced works of profound moral and spiritual depth, while the Restoration Age, born out of a renewed sense of freedom and exuberance, gave us some of the most enduring works of satire and wit.