Friday, 7 March 2025

The Birthday Party Play by Harold Pinter

This blog task is assigned by Megha Trivedi Ma'am (Department of English, MKBU). Here is the link to the teacher's blog for background reading: Click here.




The Birthday Party (1968 film)


The Birthday Party is a 1968 British drama neo-noir film directed by William Friedkin and starring Robert Shaw. Based on Harold Pinter's 1957 play of the same name, Pinter also adapted the screenplay for the film. Both the play and the film are quintessential examples of the "comedy of menace," a genre closely associated with Pinter's work. Friedkin, an admirer of the play, considered the film a passion project and remained proud of it despite its lackluster box office performance. The film's themes and stylistic elements notably influenced Friedkin's subsequent work, particularly The Exorcist.

Cast : 
 
Cast of "The Birthday Party" (1968)
Actor Character Description
Robert Shaw Stanley Webber A disheveled pianist residing in a seaside boarding house, whose past is shrouded in mystery.
Patrick Magee Shamus McCann An enigmatic Irishman who, alongside Goldberg, intrudes upon Stanley's life with ambiguous intentions.
Dandy Nichols Meg Boles The doting yet oblivious landlady of the boarding house, whose interactions with Stanley oscillate between maternal and flirtatious.
Sydney Tafler Nat Goldberg A suave and persuasive figure who, with McCann, exerts psychological pressure on Stanley under the guise of celebrating his birthday.
Moultrie Kelsall Pete Boles Meg's husband, a passive observer who remains detached from the unfolding events.
Helen Fraser Lulu A young neighbor whose innocent involvement becomes entangled in the night's unsettling occurrences.

Exploring 'The Birthday Party': A Structured Approach to Movie Screening :



Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party is a play renowned for its enigmatic atmosphere, absurdist elements, and psychological tension. Its 1968 film adaptation, directed by William Friedkin, brings the play’s disconcerting narrative to life through compelling performances and a claustrophobic setting. The film captures Pinter’s signature pauses, unsettling dialogue, and an overwhelming sense of menace that permeates the story. Given its layered complexity, an analytical approach to the movie enhances comprehension and appreciation.

The story of The Birthday Party revolves around Stanley Webber, a seemingly unremarkable lodger in a seaside boarding house, whose mundane existence is abruptly disrupted by the arrival of two mysterious strangers, Goldberg and McCann. As the narrative unfolds, their seemingly polite visit transforms into a psychological nightmare, characterized by inexplicable accusations, coercion, and a surreal birthday celebration that spirals into chaos. Pinter’s masterful use of ambiguity, pauses, and underlying menace creates an experience that oscillates between comedy and horror, leaving the audience questioning the nature of reality and power structures.

The adaptation of such a play into a film presents unique challenges and opportunities. How does the medium of cinema amplify or alter Pinter’s characteristic tension? How do camera angles, lighting, and sound design contribute to the play’s already haunting atmosphere? These are critical questions to consider while watching the film.

To engage critically with the film, it is useful to frame the viewing experience through structured questioning. By incorporating pre-viewing, while-viewing, and post-viewing questions, we can deepen our understanding of its themes, characters, and cinematic techniques.

Pre-Viewing Questions: Setting the Context

Before watching The Birthday Party, it is helpful to establish a foundation for analysis. These questions provide historical and literary context:

  1. What is the "comedy of menace" genre, and how does Pinter’s work fit within it?
    The "comedy of menace" is a term often associated with Harold Pinter’s works and describes a blend of dark humor and an underlying sense of dread. The genre captures the tension between seemingly ordinary situations and the looming threat of inexplicable danger. Pinter’s plays, including The Birthday Party, fit within this genre by creating an ambiguous atmosphere where characters appear trapped in undefined yet oppressive circumstances. The humor in these works arises from awkward interactions, misunderstandings, and absurd conversations, while the menace stems from the unpredictability of violence, authority, and existential uncertainty.

  2. How does the socio-political context of the 1960s influence expectations of the film?
    The 1960s was a period of intense political and social change, marked by Cold War paranoia, the rise of existentialist thought, and challenges to traditional structures of authority. The themes of surveillance, psychological coercion, and loss of individual autonomy in The Birthday Party resonate strongly with the anxieties of the time. The era’s growing skepticism toward institutions and government authority aligns with Pinter’s ambiguous portrayal of power and oppression. The film, released in 1968, also came during a time of shifting cinematic techniques, where filmmakers experimented with more abstract and non-traditional storytelling methods. These elements influence audience expectations, making them more receptive to the film’s unsettling, fragmented narrative and lack of clear resolution.

  3. What stylistic and thematic elements define Pinter’s plays? How might these translate into film?
    Pinter’s plays are characterized by:

    • Ambiguity: The motivations of characters are often unclear, and the plot resists conventional resolution.

    • Silence and Pause: Pinter uses pauses in dialogue to create tension, reveal underlying power struggles, and suggest unspoken fears.

    • Power Dynamics: His works explore control, manipulation, and dominance, often through cryptic conversations and shifting relationships.

    • Minimalist Settings: Many of his plays, including The Birthday Party, take place in confined spaces, reinforcing a sense of entrapment.

    In the film adaptation, these elements are translated through the cinematography, sound design, and performances. The use of close-ups, dim lighting, and sudden shifts in tone captures the same sense of unease that Pinter’s dialogue-driven plays create on stage.

  4. What are the central conflicts in The Birthday Party? How might they be depicted cinematically?
    The main conflicts revolve around:

    • Stanley vs. Authority (Goldberg and McCann): The two enigmatic strangers disrupt Stanley’s seemingly mundane life, interrogating and manipulating him.

    • Reality vs. Perception: The ambiguous nature of Stanley’s past and the cryptic motives of Goldberg and McCann leave the audience questioning what is real.

    • Order vs. Chaos: The play begins with a semblance of normalcy but descends into psychological and physical chaos.

    Cinematically, these conflicts can be depicted through unsettling camera angles (e.g., extreme close-ups, off-kilter framing), contrasting lighting schemes to signify shifts in power, and an eerie, dissonant score to enhance the film’s oppressive mood.

  5. What role do ambiguity and silence play in Pinter’s storytelling? How might they be visualized in a film?
    Ambiguity is at the core of The Birthday Party, as characters’ pasts, motivations, and relationships remain unclear. Pinter’s dialogue often avoids direct explanations, leaving meaning open to interpretation. Silence plays a crucial role in heightening tension, exposing vulnerabilities, and emphasizing power shifts. In the film, this can be visualized through:

    • Lingering shots on characters’ faces to capture their reactions to unsettling moments.

    • Minimalist sound design, where silence amplifies unease and emphasizes sudden noises.

    • Slow pacing in key scenes, allowing pauses to create an atmosphere of dread.

    • Symbolic imagery, such as empty rooms or flickering lights, to reinforce themes of isolation and uncertainty.

Goldberg is particularly unsettling due to his ability to switch between charismatic charm and authoritative intimidation seamlessly. The performances collectively emphasize the film’s psychological depth, as each actor’s delivery adds layers of ambiguity and menace to their respective roles.Post-Viewing Questions: Reflecting on Interpretation and Impact

After the screening, reflect on the film’s themes, execution, and lasting impact:

  1. How does the film’s ambiguity shape audience interpretation?

  2. In what ways does Friedkin’s direction influence the adaptation?

  3. What themes of power, identity, and control emerge in the film?

  4. How does the film handle the tension between realism and absurdity?

  5. What emotions linger after viewing, and how do they align with the film’s themes?

  6. Does the film provide any more clarity on Stanley’s fate than the play does?


Final Thoughts :



By engaging with The Birthday Party through a structured viewing approach, audiences can uncover deeper meanings and appreciate the film’s narrative and stylistic intricacies. Pinter’s mastery of language, silence, and psychological tension is translated into a haunting cinematic experience that continues to provoke discussion and interpretation. The film’s unsettling ambiguity invites multiple readings, ensuring that each viewing yields new insights. Whether watching for the first time or revisiting it, these guided questions provide a framework for a richer and more immersive experience.


For a visual exploration of Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party (1968), you might find the following video insightful:



references:

at No comments:

Monday, 3 March 2025

Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller

 This blog is a part of a thinking activity centered on the philosophies and contributions of Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller, two towering figures of the American Transcendentalist movement. Both thinkers, though distinct in their approaches, championed ideals of self-reliance, intellectual freedom, nonconformity, and social reform—principles that continue to shape contemporary thought.

                  Henry David Thoreau

 
                 Margaret Fuller

Q: 1) Discuss the following basic elements of Transcendentalism in the context of Henry David Thoreau's works: 1) Self-Reliance 2) Free Thinking/Individualism 3) Nonconformity/Civil Disobedience 4) Spirituality 5) Importance of Nature 6) Confidence.



Introduction:



Transcendentalism, a 19th-century philosophical and literary movement, emphasized self-reliance, individualism, nonconformity, spirituality, and the profound connection between humans and nature. Henry David Thoreau, one of its most influential figures, exemplified these principles in his works, particularly Walden and Civil Disobedience. Through his writings, Thoreau championed the ideals of personal independence, free thought, and moral resistance against societal and governmental constraints. His reflections on nature and life continue to inspire readers to seek simplicity, authenticity, and a deeper understanding of the self. This discussion explores how Thoreau’s works embody six key elements of Transcendentalism: self-reliance, free thinking, nonconformity, spirituality, the importance of nature, and confidence.  

1) Self-Reliance:

Thoreau’s Walden is a testament to self-reliance. He withdrew from society to live in solitude at Walden Pond, cultivating his own food, building his own shelter, and reducing his needs to the essentials. He believed that individuals should trust themselves rather than depend on institutions or material wealth. His famous assertion, “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately…”, underscores his commitment to self-sufficiency and personal independence.

2) Free Thinking/Individualism:

Thoreau was a staunch advocate of independent thought, rejecting societal conventions and materialism. In Civil Disobedience, he argues that individuals must think for themselves rather than blindly follow the government. His philosophy encourages people to follow their own moral compass, even when it contradicts the law. His resistance to paying the poll tax, which led to his brief imprisonment, was an act of intellectual and moral autonomy.


 3) Nonconformity/Civil Disobedience:

Nonconformity is central to Thoreau’s ideology. In Walden, he critiques how people conform to societal expectations, urging them to lead lives of simplicity and authenticity. Civil Disobedience takes this a step further by advocating for nonviolent resistance against unjust laws. Thoreau’s refusal to pay taxes to protest slavery and the Mexican-American War illustrates his belief in the moral duty to resist oppression.

4) Spirituality:

Unlike organized religion, Transcendentalism promotes an individual, intuitive connection with the divine. Thoreau found spirituality in nature, believing that one could experience the divine through personal reflection and communion with the natural world. He saw the wilderness as sacred and wrote, “Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads.” His time at Walden Pond was, in many ways, a spiritual retreat aimed at achieving deeper self-awareness.

 5) Importance of Nature:

Nature is perhaps the most defining element of Thoreau’s work. Walden is both a celebration of the natural world and a philosophical meditation on its role in human life. He regarded nature as a teacher, a source of inspiration, and a means of self-discovery. His famous phrase, “In Wildness is the preservation of the world,” reflects his belief that nature holds the key to human enlightenment.

 6) Confidence: 

Thoreau had an unshakable belief in his own convictions. His decision to live at Walden Pond, his refusal to support an unjust government, and his call for self-reliance all demonstrate his confidence in his principles. He encouraged others to live with the same boldness, writing, “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined.”


Conclusion :


Henry David Thoreau’s works remain a cornerstone of Transcendentalist thought, illustrating the movement’s ideals through both theory and practice. His commitment to self-reliance, intellectual independence, and moral resistance challenged the conventions of his time and continues to resonate today. His deep reverence for nature and belief in its spiritual significance highlight the enduring relevance of his philosophy. Whether through his retreat to Walden Pond or his call for civil disobedience, Thoreau’s writings encourage individuals to lead lives of purpose, simplicity, and integrity. In an era still grappling with questions of conformity, justice, and environmental responsibility, Thoreau’s Transcendentalist vision serves as both a guide and an inspiration.


Q : 2) Share your thoughts about Thoreau's statement: "that government is best which governs least".



Introduction: 

Henry David Thoreau’s famous statement, “That government is best which governs least,” reflects his deep distrust of government authority and his belief in the primacy of individual conscience. Rooted in Transcendentalist philosophy, this idea suggests that an ideal government should interfere minimally in people’s lives, allowing them the freedom to govern themselves based on moral and ethical principles. Thoreau’s perspective, particularly expressed in Civil Disobedience, remains a cornerstone of libertarian and anarchist thought, influencing debates on governance, individual rights, and civil responsibility.  

Statement:

Thoreau argues that government, rather than being an inherent force for good, often becomes an instrument of oppression, enforcing unjust policies such as slavery and war. He believes that individuals, not institutions, are the true sources of justice and progress. His refusal to pay the poll tax as a protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War illustrates his commitment to the idea that people should follow their conscience over blind obedience to the state. However, while Thoreau’s argument champions individual freedom, it also raises practical concerns. A completely minimal government might fail to provide essential public services, protect vulnerable communities, or regulate powerful entities that could exploit others. The challenge, then, is finding a balance where government ensures justice and order without becoming oppressive.  

Conclusion:


Thoreau’s statement remains a powerful critique of governmental overreach and a call for personal responsibility in matters of justice. While his vision of minimal government aligns with ideals of liberty and self-reliance, it also invites reflection on the necessity of state intervention in certain areas. In modern times, his philosophy continues to inspire discussions on civil rights, democracy, and the role of government in society, reminding individuals to question authority and act according to their moral convictions.

Q:3)  Discuss any two of the major themes of Margaret Fuller's philosophy. 



Introduction:


Margaret Fuller, a key figure in the Transcendentalist movement, was a pioneering advocate for women's rights and social reform. Her philosophy emphasized self-culture, intellectual growth, and gender equality. Two major themes central to her thought are women’s independence and equality and self-culture and personal development.  

1) Women's Independence and Equality:  

Fuller’s most influential work, Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), argues that women must be granted the same intellectual and social freedoms as men. She rejects the notion that women are naturally inferior and insists that they should be allowed to develop their talents fully. She believed that marriage should be a partnership of equals rather than a structure of dominance and submission. Fuller’s assertion that “let every woman, instead of yielding to the mere instinct of tenderness, learn to think and act for herself” reflects her commitment to women’s independence. Her ideas were foundational for later feminist movements, inspiring the fight for suffrage, education, and economic opportunities for women.  

2) Self-Culture and Personal Development:

Another key theme in Fuller’s philosophy is the idea of self-culture—continuous personal growth through education, introspection, and experience. Influenced by Transcendentalist ideals, she believed that both men and women must strive for intellectual and spiritual self-improvement. In her view, self-culture was the path to true freedom and self-reliance. She encouraged individuals to seek knowledge beyond traditional constraints, writing, “Let every man be fully himself, possessing all that is requisite to the full development of his nature.” Fuller saw self-improvement as not just a personal endeavor but a necessary step toward broader social reform.  

Conclusion: 

Margaret Fuller’s philosophy was revolutionary for its time, challenging traditional gender roles and advocating for intellectual and social equality. Her emphasis on women’s independence and self-culture laid the groundwork for modern feminist and educational movements. By urging individuals to develop their full potential, she reinforced the Transcendentalist belief in personal growth as a means of achieving both individual and societal transformation.

Q:4)  Compare Transcendentalist ideas with that of Puritanism. Which philosophical ideology can you consider relevant for our times?


Introduction :

Transcendentalism and Puritanism are two significant philosophical and religious movements that shaped American thought, yet they differ fundamentally in their views on human nature, individual freedom, and the role of society. Puritanism, which dominated early colonial America, emphasized strict religious discipline, the inherent sinfulness of humankind, and the necessity of divine grace for salvation. In contrast, Transcendentalism, emerging in the 19th century, celebrated individuality, self-reliance, and the belief that truth could be discovered through intuition and a deep connection with nature.  

While both philosophies have left a lasting impact on American culture, their relevance in modern society is worth examining. By comparing their core beliefs, we can determine which ideology aligns more closely with contemporary values of personal freedom, self-discovery, and social progress.


Comparison of Transcendentalism and Puritanism:



Transcendentalism and Puritanism are two distinct philosophical and religious movements in American thought, differing in their views on human nature, individual freedom, and the role of institutions.

Aspect Puritanism Transcendentalism
View of God God is an external, sovereign authority who predestines human fate. God is present within every individual and can be understood through intuition and nature.
Human Nature Humans are inherently sinful and require divine grace for salvation. Humans are inherently good and capable of self-improvement.
Role of Society Emphasizes strict moral codes, collective discipline, and religious conformity. Emphasizes individuality, personal freedom, and nonconformity.
Knowledge & Truth Truth is revealed through scripture and religious authority. Truth is discovered through personal intuition, experience, and nature.
Nature Nature is a resource created by God but often seen as dangerous and corrupt. Nature is divine, a source of inspiration, and a path to spiritual enlightenment.
Government & Authority Advocates strict adherence to religious and governmental laws. Encourages resistance to unjust laws and emphasizes civil disobedience.


Which Ideology is More Relevant Today? 


In the modern world, Transcendentalism appears more relevant than Puritanism. The emphasis on individual freedom, self-reliance, and a connection with nature aligns with contemporary concerns about personal development, environmental awareness, and civil rights.

However, some aspects of Puritanism, such as discipline, work ethic, and moral integrity, still influence modern society. Yet, its rigid and dogmatic approach seems less adaptable to today’s pluralistic, diverse, and increasingly individualistic culture.

Ultimately, Transcendentalism’s belief in human potential, self-exploration, and questioning authority makes it a more suitable philosophy for an age that values personal freedom, creativity, and social progress.


Conclusion:

While Puritanism emphasized strict discipline and religious conformity, Transcendentalism championed individuality, self-reliance, and spiritual growth through nature. In today’s world, Transcendentalist ideals remain more relevant, promoting free thought, self-improvement, and resistance to unjust authority values essential for personal and social progress.

Refrances:



at No comments:

Sunday, 2 March 2025

An artist of the Floating World by Kazuo Ishiguro

This blog is a part of the Flipped Learning activity provided by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. and Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. Here is the link to the blog.here 

Here is the link to the professor's research article for background readingHere



1.About the Author


In this video session regarding Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel 'An Artist of the Floating World', the discussion centers around the author, the significance of the novel’s title, and a detailed summary of its characters and plot. The session emphasizes Ishiguro’s background as a Japanese-born British novelist whose works intricately explore themes of memory, regret, and the complexity of human relationships. Through his restrained prose and introspective storytelling, Ishiguro crafts narratives that delve into the psychological landscapes of his protagonists, many of whom struggle with their past decisions and attempt to reconcile with shifting societal values.  

The narrator in 'An Artist of the Floating World', Masuji Ono, is identified as unreliable, a narrative strategy that adds depth and ambiguity to the storytelling. Ishiguro employs this technique to explore how memory is selective and shaped by personal biases, making Ono’s reflections on his past both poignant and questionable. As he recounts his former prestige as an artist who once supported Japan’s imperialist agenda, he attempts to justify his actions, yet subtle contradictions in his narrative invite readers to question his reliability. This layered approach to storytelling creates a compelling psychological portrait of a man caught between nostalgia and an unspoken sense of guilt.  

The discussion also highlights the contrast between Ishiguro’s subtle optimism and the stark pessimism found in George Orwell’s 1984. While Orwell presents a dystopian world where history is forcibly rewritten and truth is obliterated by totalitarian control, Ishiguro’s novel explores the internal rewriting of memory, shaped by personal and societal changes. Unlike 1984, where the protagonist is ultimately crushed by an oppressive system, An Artist of the Floating World offers a more introspective and subdued meditation on the passage of time, the malleability of truth, and the human tendency to reshape the past for self-preservation. This nuanced contrast between external authoritarian control and internal psychological denial reveals Ishiguro’s distinctive approach to examining historical legacy and personal responsibility.  

Ishiguro’s works often reflect a deep longing for the past and an exploration of both personal and collective memory, set against the backdrop of a post-war Japan that is undergoing rapid transformation under Western influence. Through the lens of Masuji Ono’s recollections, the novel examines Japan’s shifting cultural identity, exploring how older generations who once upheld traditional values and nationalistic ideals struggle to adapt to the country’s evolving post-war ethos. Ono, as a representative of this older generation, finds himself at odds with the attitudes of his daughters and grandson, who embody Japan’s new Westernized outlook. His experiences mirror the larger national conflict between preserving tradition and embracing modernization, highlighting the tension between past and present.  

The narrator’s perspective as an outsider within his own changing society provides a unique lens through which to examine the nuances of Japanese culture, artistic integrity, and generational conflict. Ishiguro’s exploration of dislocation, both personal and cultural, resonates with broader themes of belonging and alienation, making his work particularly relevant to postcolonial and diasporic literature. This novel, like many of Ishiguro’s works, addresses the challenges and insights that come from being uprooted—either physically, as in the case of immigrants, or metaphorically, as with Ono, who struggles to find his place in a world that no longer aligns with his values.  

This examination of identity, memory, and perspective continues to resonate with global audiences and echoes the experiences of other writers who navigate between cultures, such as Salman Rushdie, Jhumpa Lahiri, and J.M. Coetzee. Their works similarly interrogate the complexities of historical legacy, displacement, and the construction of identity in an ever-changing world. Ishiguro’s restrained yet deeply evocative storytelling fosters a rich dialogue about how individuals perceive their past, how societies rewrite their histories, and how memory serves both as a means of self-understanding and as a tool for self-deception. Through 'An Artist of the Floating World' Ishiguro invites readers to reflect on their own memories, questioning how time and perspective shape the way we interpret our lives and the world around us.


2. Title Explained


'An Artist of the Floating World' explores the aftermath of Japan's defeat in World War II, focusing on Masuji Ono's introspection and regret over his wartime contributions. His selective memory and self-delusion allow him to maintain dignity, despite the societal shift away from the nationalist ideologies he once supported. The novel examines the role of the artist in society, highlighting the ethical responsibilities of artists and the lasting consequences of their work. Ono's evolving understanding of his legacy underscores the transient nature of both personal reputation and artistic value as societal values change. Through these themes, the novel challenges readers to consider the moral obligations of artists and the enduring impact of their creations.

3.Characters and Narrative Strategy


In this video, the speaker explores Kazuo Ishiguro’s 'An Artist of the Floating World', focusing on its protagonist, Masuji Ono, and the novel's themes of nationalism, regret, and artistic integrity. Ono, an unreliable narrator, reflects on his past in post-war Japan, particularly his relationships with his daughters and his complicity in wartime propaganda. The video examines the first-person narrative, the role of art in Japanese culture, and the conflicting motivations behind artistic expression. Ultimately, it highlights Ono’s regrets and the broader implications of his story within Japan’s historical context.

4.Thematic Study of the Novel

In this video session, the discussion revolves around the central and peripheral themes in Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel “An Artist of the Floating World.” The protagonist, Masuji Ono, aspires to be more than just an artist of superficial beauty; he seeks to voice the struggles of the poor and engage with significant national issues. The narrative is characterized by a deceptive first-person perspective, leading readers to question Ono’s reliability. The plot is driven by the marriage negotiations of Ono’s daughter, Norika, which reflect societal pressures in traditional Japan. As the story unfolds, it reveals Ono’s complex identity, once revered as a prominent painter but now facing disdain from former admirers, including his own students. The discussion also touches on broader themes such as the role of art and artists in society, nationalism, intergenerational conflict, grief, pedagogy, and the implications of unreliable narration—all of which are intricately woven into Ono’s reflections on his life and choices


5.Reading Important Passages from the Novel

In this video session, the discussion revolves around Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel “An Artist of the Floating World.” The session features an in-depth analysis of key passages and themes from the narrative. The narrator, Masuji Ono, presents his memories from post-World War II Japan, navigating through the complexities of national identity, personal betrayal, and the notion of art in times of political turmoil. The novel is structured in four parts, each marked by a specific date, reflecting the narrator’s journey from a once-celebrated artist to a figure grappling with his past decisions and the societal changes around him. The narrator’s use of the second person “you” serves to engage the reader directly, creating a sense of intimacy while simultaneously emphasizing his unreliable nature. Throughout the session, the themes of regret, the consequences of nationalism, and the struggle for redemption emerge, offering a profound commentary on the historical context of Japan during the late 1940s.


References :

at No comments:
Subscribe to: Comments (Atom)

Flipped Learning Worksheet on The Ministry of Utmost Happiness

This blog is Flipped Learning Activity: Ministry of Utmost Happiness assigned by the Dilip Barad Sir. Here is the article for background rea...

Popular Posts